Literary+Terms

Literary Terms Project 2010
To really know how to use a term you need to know how to define it, see it in context, and remember it. The terms below are very important for you to know, so we will learn/review them as part of our commentary review for quarter one.

Remember! Technique spotting does not score well in the exam, but knowing which terms to use and being able to explain their effects on the reader does.

Include:
 * Your task**: Use the Bedford terms book and the two critical terminology pdfs below to write YOUR OWN definition of the terms you are responsible for.
 * Your definition
 * One example from Bedford or the pdfs and one from a book we have studied or that you have read at home.
 * A list of different effects which the technique can be used for in writing - this will be the most useful point for commentary writing
 * Finally, write a test question for each of your terms which can be included in a quiz and will challenge other students on their knowledge. Email this to Ms Kemsley.
 * Deadline for wikipost: Wednesday 25th August. Test: Tuesday 31st August.

Supporting Documents


-Definition: a literary technique with which the author uses characters that represent things or ideas to convey a message (moral, religious, political...) or a theme.
 * Allegory - Lancelot**

-Effects: Instead of simply stating the embedded message or theme, the author can make relation to traits or descriptions of the characters or things in the allegory while implying that message. It not only engages in audience but also creates a much more descriptive delivery of that message.

-Ex. 1: Edmund Spenser's //The Fairie Queene// (all the characters represent an abstract idea.) -Ex. 2: George Orwell's //The Animal Farm// (the Russian Revolution)

-Definition: a repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words
 * Alliteration - Lancelot**

-Effects: It can be used to increase the pace, either to create haste or tension. It also creates emphasis.

-Ex. 1: Trees tumble through the torrent. -Ex. 2: Gotten from the original text of the tongue twister, originally composed by Terry Sullivan She sells seashells on the seashore The shells she sells are seashells, I'm sure So if she sells seashells on the seashore Then I'm sure she sells seashore shells.

- Definition: a reference to a historical, religious or mythical person or event. - Effect: an allusion can make readers relate the situations to another situation that they are familiar with, and thus create an impact by either making the situations strikingly similar or different. - Example 1: Describing someone “Romeo” is making an allusion to William Shakespeare’s work //Romeo and Juliet.// - Example 2: In the //Grapes of Wrath//, naming a character Jim Casey is making an allusion to Jesus Christ.
 * Allusion _ Teddy**

<span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">- Definition: intentional or unintentional depiction of an object that should not exist within the time of event. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">- Effect: an intentional anachronism can add to the comical, satirical, or strange mood of a written piece. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">- Example 1: The clock chiming in Julius Caesar. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">- Example 2: Existence of the University of Wittenberg in Hamlet’s day. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;">- Example 3: In //Shrek//, while most characters are dressed in the middle age fashions, there are references to modern objects such as Starbucks and MacDonald’s.
 * Anachronism - Teddy**

Archaic language is old-fashioned language and style of writing that is no longer used today. Effect in text: Archaic language helps set the texts setting and mood. Example 1: "Methought" instead of "I thought" and "thou" instead of "you." Example 2: " "Have more than thou showest, speak less than thou knowest, lend less than thou owest". - ( Quote Act I, Scene IV). King Lear Archetype - Julien An archetype according to psychologist Carl jung is a collectively inherited unconscious pattern of thought, idea, image, etc., that are universally present in individual personas.(dictionary.com) Example 1: Literary archetypes include themes such as "birth" and "death" and characters such as "mother nature." Example 2: In the Great Gatsby, the eyes of T.J Eckleburgs are an archetypal image.
 * Archaic Langauge - Julien**

**Definition:** The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, especially in stressed syllables, **Example 1: O**n a proud round cloud in white high night **Example 2:** Mad as a hatter
 * Assonance - Connie**

Effect: - direct attention to particular words, making them stand out and making them more memorable - can help to establish rhythm within a poem (or in prose)

- has a musical effect

**Blank Verse - Connie** **Definition:** Any unrhymed poetry or iambic pentameter verse but with a regular meter **Example 1:** Most of William Shakespeare’s plays **Example 2:** The Ball Poem by John Berryman

What is the boy now, who has lost his ball, What, what is he to do? I saw it go Merrily bouncing, down the street, and then Merrily over-there it is in the water!

**Effect:** - Blank verse has an incantatory effect. - The strong rhythms capture and may even modify that reader’s pace, causing it to be absorbed into the text. - It is usually used in reflective and narrative poems since it preserves a formal metrical structure while allowing for more freedom to produce a more speech-like sound

**Cacophony - Aileen**

**The arrangement of harsh, disagreeable sounds to create an unpleasant tone.**

**Example 1 :** **" Rats!They fought the dogs and killed the cats..."- Robert Browning**

**Example 2:( still looking for)**

**Effect on the text:** **The harsh discordance of sounds will emphasize an unpleasant tone.**


 * Caesura - Aileen**

**A natural pause in speaking voice that emphasizes a certain aspect in the sentence and creates a rhythmic effect that contributes to the overall tone.**

**Example 1:** **"With blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz,** **Between the light and me;" ( Emily Dickinson- " I heard a fly buzz when I died.")** **Example 2:** **"Two roads diverged //in a yellow wood" (Frost's "The Road Not Taken").//**

**Effect on the text:** **In meter, caesura denotes an audible pause that breaks up a line of verse. This allows the author to emphasize a change in tone, or create a dramatic break( frequently used by Emily Dickinson). It can also create a rhetorical effect.**


 * Character and associated terms (consistent, dynamic, flat, foil, motivated, round, static, stereotype, stock, antagonist, protagonist) - Ashley D**


 * Character - a person presented in a dramatic or narrative work; the total quality of a person's behavior.**
 * Ex. 1: "He was a strongly build rather heavy man of forty. His head was thrust forward, sunk a little between powerful**
 * shoulders, and the strong jaw was pushed out aggressively. But the eyes were smouldering, the face hung slack and**
 * sodden with drink". (Lawrence, //twentieth century//)**
 * Ex. 2: "He had one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It faced, or seemed to face, the whole external world for an instant and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor. It understood you just as far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself". (Fitzgerald, //The Great Gatsby//)**


 * Consistent Character - one who does not change without motivation**
 * Ex. 1: Ebeneezer Scrooge was consistent (selfish) until he saw the error of his ways.**
 * Ex. 2: Nora, in __A Doll's House__ is consistently portrayed as a silly, naive woman who entertains her husband until she realizes that both her Father and Husband have mistreated her.**


 * Dynamic Character - one who undergoes a significant change in some aspect of his character, personality, or values**
 * Ex. 1: Macbeth undergoes significant change in his character as he attempts to fulfill his ambitions.**
 * Ex. 2: At the beginning of __A Doll's House__, Nora is a happy naive woman who loves entertaining and caring for her husband. However, after Helmer finds out about her forged signature and gets angry, she realizes that she has been mistreated and changes to become a strong, independent, intelligent, and brave woman who is unwilling to submit to her husband's false innocence.**


 * Flat Character - one who is characterized by only one or two personality traits**
 * Ex. 1: The character of Balthasar, the servant in __Romeo and Juliet__, can be summed up in one work: loyal.**
 * Ex. 2: The character of Ann-Marie, the Helmer's nanny in __A Doll's House__, is a characterized as a kind woman who has genuine affection for Nora.**


 * Foil Character - one who serves to contrast another character in traits, opinions, behavior, or attitude.**
 * Ex. 1: Generous Robin Hood and the selfish Sheriff of Nottingham**
 * Ex. 2: Practical, sensible, down-to-earth Mrs. Linde and silly, naive Nora**


 * Motivated Character - one who has believable reasons for a change in values or behavior**
 * Ex. 1: a cruel person who, after being helped by someone, decides to change.**
 * Ex. 2: Nora, after realizing that she has been mistreated by her Husband, decides to change and divorces him.**


 * Round Character - one who has a number of personality traits**
 * Ex. 1: Hamlet is a round character because he has many traits.**
 * Ex. 2: Jay Gatsby in __The Great Gatsby__**


 * Static Character - one who does not change in personality, outlook, or values throughout the text**
 * Ex. 1: Antonio in __The Merchant of Venice__ remains the same throughout the play.**
 * Ex. 2: Mrs. Linde in __A Doll's House__**


 * Stereotype Character - one who is familiar and predictable**
 * Ex. 1: the absent-minded professor and the shy old maid.**
 * Ex. 2: the wicked stepmother/mother and the arrogant popular girl**


 * Stock Character - one who occurs repeatedly in a particular literary genre.**
 * Ex. 1: A western usually includes a sheriff, a bartender, a storekeeper and an outlaw.**
 * Ex. 2: In fairy tales, there is often a prince, a princess, and a villain/someone in opposition to them.**


 * Antagonist - one who opposes the central character (protagonist)**
 * Ex. 1: A criminal tries to elude the police.**
 * Ex. 2: Krogstad in __A Doll's House__**


 * Protagonist - the central character in a story who is most responsible for bringing the conflict to an end. It is the character who changes over the course of the story, either literally or figuratively, and grows as the story progresses.**
 * Ex. 1: Brutus in J__ulius Caesar__, and Willy Loman in __Death of a Salesman__**
 * Ex. 2: Tita in __Like Water For Chocolate__**


 * Effects: Their are many effects of using specific character types in writing. Different characters are characterized differently throughout a story and after reading for a while the reader is able to compare and contrast characters and label them as the protagonist, antagonist, stereotype character, flat character, etc. After the reader is able to identify what part the characters are playing, he or she is able to see how big of a part the characters will play and make general predictions on how they will act or feel in certain situations throughout the story. When foil characters are used, the characteristics of the characters seem to be exaggerated, seeing that the reader can now see the exact opposite of a character at the same time. This allows the reader to comprehend the characters better. When stock or stereotype characters are used, the reader is able to relate these characters to other characters they have seen before. This also helps the reader comprehend the character more quickly and make reliable predictions about what part the characters will play in the story.**

http://johnaugust.com/archives/2005/whats-the-difference-between-hero-main-character-and-protagonist
 * Here are a couple good sites telling you how to differentiate between character types that might seem similar:**
 * 1.**

2. http://storyfanatic.com/articles/story-structure/redefining-protagonist-and-main-character

3. In many cases all you have to do is clearly study the definition to be able to see the difference between certain terms that may seem the same at first.

**-Definition: (*this is hard to explain…) the repetition of the same consonant sounds, basically sound that are not vowels, that are followed by different vowel sounds.**
 * Colloquialism - Carlos**
 * Conceit - Carlos**
 * Connotation - Carlos**
 * Consonance - Terrence**

**-Example: Bold and Mad (*consonant sound is the ‘d’)**

**-Example: Terrence ate the letters. (*consonant sound is the ‘t’)**

-Effects: -it gives a certain rhyme to the poem or enforces the rhyme -contributes to sibilance or assonance which creates other effects -gives harmony/agreement in the poem -has a similar effect of alliteration


 * Couplet - Terrence**

**-Definition: A poem with two rhyming lines in the same meter.**

**-Example: “The grave’s a fine and resting place,/but none, I think, do there embrace.” Andrew Marvel**

**-Just an extra example: “Why did Terrence take IB?/now I run and still can’t flee.” Terrence Chu**

**-Example: another by Andrew Marvel “Thus, though we cannot make our sun/stand still, yet we will make him run” (*From: To his coy mistress)**

**-Effects:-usually summarizes the poet’s thoughts or feelings**

**-ends the poem with something interesting**


 * Denotation - Terrence**

**-Definition: The dictionary meaning of the word.**

**-Example: “Lucid” means “clear and easy to understand”**

**-Example: “White” means “a color due to the reflection of all visible rays of light” (*From Concise Oxford English Dictionary)**

**-Effects: -Sometimes the reader can analyze the word further to see the connotative meaning of the word. This allows comparison or contrasts to be made and noticed in the commentary.**


 * Deus Ex Machina - Andrea**
 * Diction - Andrea**
 * Dissonance - Andrea**

[|**Greek theater**]
 * Deus Ex Machina: (latin for //god out of the machine,// and has its origins in**
 * . Refers to situations in which a crane was used to lower actors or statues playing a god or gods (//deus//) onto the stage to set things right)**

[|**anticlimactic**]
 * Can either be:**
 * -a god introduced by means of a crane in ancient Greek and Roman drama to decide the final outcome**
 * -an outside force that solves a seemingly unsolvable problem in an extremely unlikely (and, usually,**
 * ) way**


 * Examples:**


 * 1) At the end of J.R.R. Tolkien's //Lord of the Rings// trilogy- when Sam and Frodo, inescapably in the midst of Sauron's armies at the top of Mount Doom, are miraculously rescued by giant eagles**

[|**Mark Twain**] [|**The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn**] [|**Tom Sawyer**] [|**Missouri**]
 * 2) In**
 * 's**
 * , with Jim apprehended in the heart of the South and Huck unable to rescue him,**
 * reenters the story, having come hundreds of miles downriver to visit a relative. giving Huck the opportunity to free Jim and allows a channel for the resolution of all dangling storylines that the book had left behind in**

[|**slang**]
 * Diction: The choice of a particular word as opposed to others. High or formal diction involves elaborate, technical, or polysyllabic vocabulary and careful attention to the proprieties of grammar, and low or informal diction involves conversational or familiar language, contractions,**
 * , and grammatical errors designed to convey a relaxed tone.**


 * Examples:**
 * 1) A rock formation can be called by many different words, and the writer chooses his/her diction depending on what style or mood he/she is trying to convey- a stone, a boulder, an outcropping, a pile of rocks, a cairn, a mound, or even an "anomalous geological feature."**
 * 2) In Seamnus Heaney’s ”A Tale’s Wife”, the author uses hard and loud diction whenever associated with the men coming to eat from the field, eg hum and gulp, crunching on the stubble ,and soft and quiet words when associated with the wife, eg buttered, linen, “they kept their easy, grateful under the trees”**
 * Dissonance: The deliberate use of inharmonious syllables/words/phrases in order to create a harsh-toned effect**
 * Examples:**
 * 1)**
 * 2)**


 * Dramatic Monologue - Brenda**
 * <!--[if gte mso 10]>**

**Definition** **– Addressing a silent or unseen audience, the narrator reveals himself to the audience at a critical moment of a situation in this type of poem.**

**Effect on the text:** **Insight into characterization and learn about this significant event**

**Example 1** **: “My Last Duchess”- Robert Browning (It’s a bit long to post on here, but readily available on Google!)**

**Example 2** **: “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” –T.S. Eliot is also a beautiful dramatic monologue but also a bit long. It is available on Google!**

//**End Rhyme - Brenda**// **definition** **– when the words at the end of the line rhyme, whether in consecutive lines of a poem or within a stanza. Sometimes, to be bold and daring, authors even use slant rhyme, where the words sound alike, but do not necessarily rhyme**

**Effect on the text:** **Sometimes these end rhymes bring a sense of completion as we are used to poems with the ends rhyming! However, authors sometimes invent words or choose words that don’t make sense in context to uphold this end-rhyme scheme, allowing the reader to question the diction or neologism.**

**Example 1** **:** **“Do you like** **green eggs and ham?** **I do not like them,** **Sam-I-am.” - (**

//**Dr. Seuss)**//
 * Green Eggs & Ham –**

**Example 2** **:** **“** **But if you only have love for your own race** **Then you only leave space to discriminate** **And to discriminate only generates hate** **And when you hate then you're bound to get irate** **” – “Where Is the Love?” -BEP**

**“race” & “discriminate” are good examples of slant rhyme, whereas “discriminate”, “hate” and “irate” are examples of end rhyme**

//**Enjambment - Brenda**// **definition – when the line of a verse or couplet runs on into the next line of a verse or couplet** **Effect on the text:** **makes the pace seem faster as the line seems to spill over into the next line and the poem seems more like a narrative and conversational** **Example 1** **:** **“The hum and gulp of the thresher ran down** **And the big** **belt slewed to a standstill, straw** **Hanging undelivered** **in the jaws.” –“The Wife’s Tale”- Seamus Heaney** **Example 2** **:** **“Beloved sweetheart bastard. Not a day since then** **I haven't wished him dead. Prayed for it** **so hard I've dark green pebbles for eyes,** **ropes on the back of my hands I could strangle with.” – “Havisham”- Carol Ann Duffy** //**Euphemism - Brenda**// **definition – substituting offensive and impolite words with a more polite and agreeable term** **Effect on the text:** **The speaker sounds much more ‘politically correct’ and can add humor to the passage if used in place of something widely recognized as inappropriate.** **Example 1: ‘Adult entertainment’ is a euphemism for pornography, or having a ‘bun in the oven’ is a euphemism for being pregnant** **Example 2: A prison is often called a ‘correctional facility’, which is also a euphemism, and ‘comfort women’ might be a euphemism for a prostitute.**

//**Euphony - Joel**//
 * Definition - pleasing, mellifluous sounds; usually produced by long vowels rather than consonants**
 * Effect on text - The tone may be altered to become a smooth slow sound. The reader may find him/herself reading the poem/prose slower with an increased sense of calmness.**
 * Example 1:**
 * As when upon a tranced summer night,**
 * Those green-robed senators of mighty woods,**
 * Tall oaks, branch charmed by the earnest stars,**
 * Dream, and so dream all night without a stir.**
 * (John Keat's //Hyperion//)**
 * Example 2:**
 * Is out with it! oh,**
 * We lash with the best or worst**
 * Word last!Now a lush-kept plush-capped sloe**
 * Will, mouthed to flesh-burst,**
 * Gush! - flush the man, the being with it, sour or sweet,**
 * Brim, in a flash, full! - Hither then, last or first,**
 * To hero of Calvary, Christ's feet -**
 * Never ask if meaning it, wanting it, warned of it - men go.**
 * (Gerard Manley Hopkin's //Wreck of the Deutschland//)**

//**Figurative Language (metaphors, similes, and personification) - Joel**//
 * Definition - language that uses figures of speech; utilizing literary tools such as metaphors, similes, personification, alliteration, etc**
 * Effect on Reader - Instead of painting a literal image in the reader's mind, figurative language enables the reader to paint a more visual and understanding image in the text.**
 * Example 1:**
 * "He ran like a hare down the street."**
 * Example 2:**
 * "The trees loomed over the priest like prison bars holding their captive within their crooked branches."**

//**Foreshadowing - Bex**// //**Half rhyme/ pararhyme - Bex**// //**Hyperbole - Bex**//

**Imagery - Anika**
 * Define: descriptive language; when the writer uses language that appeals to the sense (senses: tactile, gustatory, olfactory, aural, visual)**
 * Effect: Allows the reader to be part of the text; get more involved and therefore understand the writers angle more; writer may use imagery to get the reader to picture something to feel as if they are right there. Different textures could also bring up some emotion that without using imagery; it wouldn't work.**
 * E.g 1: " Cedar and jagged fir/ uplift sharp barbs/against the gray/ and cloud-piled sky" A.J.M Smith (From Baier, K PDF)**
 * E.g 2: "Crunching on the stubble twenty yards away" -The Wife's Tale (This uses "crunching" as an example of aural imagery)**

**Internal Rhyme - Anika** E.G: <span style="font-family: Times,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
 * Define: when there is a rhyme, but the words are separated; one is in the middle of the line while the other is at the end. Or when the next word is in the middle of the next line.**
 * Effect: Internal or rhyme in general, gives a poem either rhythm (pace) or it just overall contributes to the tone, and sound of the poem (or prose..). It could be used in order to make those certain words or lines stand out, provide emphasis.**


 * Irony (verbal, situational etc) - Anika**
 * Define: Verbal irony is when what the speaker says is opposite to what he actually means. (like being sarcastic) It is usually noted in the tone of voice; or else the irony is not identified. Situational irony is in a "situation" when something happens that is not expected; the coincidental nature of what actually happens. (oddness in the results) Dramatic Irony is where the audience knows something that [at least] one of the characters in a narrative is unaware of. Tragic Irony is an extension; where the audience know something but the character without knowing, takes actions that completely contradict the real situation; until the end where there is a tragic realization.**
 * Effect: This could provide suspense, or maybe a comedic aspect. To provide emphasis or controversy, or tension.**
 * E.g 1: "It is ironic for a firehouse to burn down or for a police station to be burglarized" (From Baier, K PDF)**

**Jargon - Dylan** **Definition: Vocabulary used only in specialized subject areas or work. "the terms of the trade"** **Example: Computer specialists use "Bytes", "Software" and "hardware" (lit terms one)**
 * Effects it can be used for in writing: Jargon can be used for several things in writing.**


 * The jargon in a particular text identifies the audience. This is because there are words that will be only understood by a person of a certain group and therefore is only used as a method to communicate with people of the same group. The use of jargon by a character to another one outside of the group or by the speaker to the reader can give a sense of confusion in the text/poem.**


 * Jargon also helps us understand the characters in a text, should they speak some jargon. It gives the impression that the particular character is clever or good at his job, should the jargon be related to his or her workline. It also helps us identify what time the text was set in and helps us identify the profession of the speaker/characters.**

**Juxtaposition - Dylan**
 * Definition: The act of placing two different elements with each other in order to create a contrast between them.**
 * Example: "A summer cold" "harmonious madness" (lit terms 1)**
 * Effects it can be used for in writing: Juxtaposition is used in writing because it alerts the reader to contrasts within the text. Juxtaposition is generally used to differentiate two different elements. Juxtaposing two characters for example may give the reader a greater understanding of both characters and may make the reader feel more positive to one than the other.**

**Literal meaning - Jeffrey** Definition:The surface meaning of a text or piece of writing which stands out or is the most obvious. Example: the red barn is large My example: the clouds were grey, it would rain Effects: Provides a general context of the poem to the reader and what this poem will be about.

**Lyric poetry - Jeffrey** Definition: A type of poetry that does not tell a story but rather expresses individual emotion, thoughts, ideas. Example: “The eagle” by Tennyson and “Loveliest of Trees” by Houseman My example: “Wife’s tale” by Seamus Heaney Effects: the literary techniques that readers need to look out will be different for lyric poetry. They will need to look at rhyme, rhythm, and meter. **Metre/ Meter - Karen** Definition: A rhythmic pattern of stresses that occurs throughout a poem. Metrical patterns are made up by the number of feet in a line of a verse. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Rising meter: A metrical feet which moves from unstressed to stressed sounds. (Iambic and Anapestic) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Falling meter: A metrical feet which moves from stressed to unstressed sounds. (Trochaic and Dactylic)

Effects it can be used for writing: A rhythmic pattern (meter) in a poem can either give it a sense of fluidity through a steady meter (evoking positive feelings in the reader), or it can be all stressed tones, giving it a harsh effect (evoking negative feelings in the reader and the overall text). The meter can reveal a lot about what the poet is really trying to convey; how the poet feels about the topic being discussed; and can contribute to the diction chosen in the poem.

Example:



**Metonymy - Karen**

<span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Definition: A figure of speech in which one term stands for another term that is close related. <span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Example: “The crown” for a monarch and “the law” for the police. <span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Effects it can be used for writing: Metonymic words can substitute direct nouns, giving it a more descriptive edge. It can also convey elements without blatantly telling the readers so.

**Mood - Spencer**
 * Definition: A feeling or emotional state in the writing that speaks to the reader, which can be found within the plot, characters, diction, and author’s descriptions. **
 * Example 1: “Life is full of misery, loneliness, and suffering- and it’s all over much too soon. (Woody Allen) **
 * Example 2: “I wish to persuade women to endeavor to acquire strength, both of mind and body, and to convince them that the soft phrases, susceptibility of heart, delicacy of sentiment, and refinement of taste are almost synonymous with epithets of weakness.” (Mary Wollstonecraft) **
 * Effect: The mood establishes what kind work the reader is reading. The mood can make someone happy, sad, persuaded, scared etc. All of these feeling can be expressed through the way the author chooses to express his thoughts. In the second example of Mary Woolstonecraft’s “A vindication of the Rights of Woman,’ it clearly shows a persuasive mood that encourages women to step outside their comfort zone and be powerful individuals. Mood is a literary term and can greatly affect a work of art and make it unique and powerful. **

**Mimesis - Spencer**
 * Definition: Mimesis is an imitation or representation of something rather than an exact replication or recreation of the original. **
 * Example 1: A play that is based off of the holocaust which is trying to create the same feel or essence of the actual event. By having lots of actors, vivid imagery, and stunning details, a play can imitate a historical even such as the holocaust. **
 * Example 2: A poem that is written based on World War 2 and attempting to distill that meaning of war into symbols, syllables, stress, verse, and diction. **
 * Effect: Mimesis in many cases is used to translate art or history from one medium to another. For instance multiple things can be represented and translated into different mediums such as music, art, poems, which is completely different to how it is originally portrayed. For example the American spirit of freedom can be represented by the National Anthem, a song based off of winning independence and standing free. Therefore it can give an affect of the actual event, and allow literary works to feel the feelings of the original work, but transferred to a completely separate one. **

**Narrative poetry - Dion**
 * Definition: Narrative poetry is a poem that narrates a story. There is a plot, which may be simple or complex.**
 * Example 1: "The Death of the Hired Man" by Frost**
 * Example 2: "A Wife's Tale" by Seamus Heaney**
 * Effect: Once we identify that a poem is a narrative poetry, we know that we need to pay attention to the speaker of the poem. This can be contrasted with the voices we hear in the poem. A narrative poetry often has a plot, so we do need to pay attention to the literal meaning of the poem. A narrative work is sometimes partly didactic; a story is told for a reason.**

**Narrator & point of view - Dion**
 * Definition: The narrator/point of view is the angle which the text is being narrated. This is different from the author's voice. The point of view can be grouped into three types: first person point of view, second person point of view, third person point of view.**


 * First person point of view: In this pov, the narrator is in the story. He/She is involved in the plot. This pov can be easily spotted through the use of first person pronoun (I, my, mine, me, us, we). However, the narrator can be a major character of the story, or a minor character telling his experiences with a major character.**


 * Second person point of view: This pov is rarely seen. It is told through the second person point of view, using the "You are" narration. This pov is really hard to execute sucessfully.**


 * Third person point of view. In this pov, the narrator is not in the story. It uses pronouns such as he, she, they, it, his, her, their, it's, etc. It can be further categorized into 3 categories: omniscient, limited omniscient, objective.**
 * Omniscient third person point of view: The narrator knows everything that happens within the story, from the actions of each character to even the thoughts and emotions in each character.**
 * Limited Omniscient: The narrator is not in the story but and is limited in relating to the thoughts and emotions of the characters in the story. The narrator is able to access only a few character's thoughts and emotions, or even just one.**
 * Objective: The narrator only reports what can be heard and seen. There is no description of thoughts and emotions.**


 * Example 1: The Great Gatsby is a first person narrative. Told from Nick Carraway's point of view.**


 * Example 2: Animal Farm is told from an limited omniscient third person point of view - from the common animals, and uses 'they' pronouns.**


 * Effect: Depending of the pov, the effect differs. Mainly, it helps us identify with the narrator and sympathize with the narrator (mostly).**
 * For example, if it is a first person narrative, we can doubt the amount of truth within the story. Can we know for sure that the first person narrator would report his observations/experiences objective, or how bias is he/her in reporting his/her experience.**
 * If it is a second person narrative, it might be didactic. The effect is probably that it engages the author better than first and third person pov.**
 * If it is a third person narrative, we could ask why an author would choose a third person narrative over first person narrative. We could ask how, as a reader, it helps us if we understand the thoughts/emotions of many characters.**

**Onomatopoeia - Inaki** // Definition: // Describes the sound-effect of a word. // Example 1: // The bullets chirped- In vain! Vain! Vain! // Example 2: // ‘Gulp’ ‘hum’ from __A Wife’s Tale__ by Seamus Heaney // Effects: // Helps the reader get into the poem and understand it better. Helps to think of the meaning of the sound. Enhances the author’s writing.

**Oxymoron - Inaki** // Definition: // Two words together that contradicts each other. // Example 1 // : Old news, Wise Fool // Example 2 // : “Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health” (1.1.173) from William Shakespeare’s __Rome__ __and Juliet.__ // Effects // : Brings two contradictory terms to create sharp emphasis. Can be used to add imagery or emotion.

**Parable - Inaki** //Definition:// A short story that teaches a moral lesson // Example 1: // //Example 2:// Jesus’ parable on the Prodigal Son // Effects: //

** Paradox- JaninaDefinition: statement that is obviously self-contradictory or absurd but really has a possible truth to it. (It is also used to describe an opinion or statement that is contrary to generally accepted ideas, or ‘norms’.)Effect: A paradox is used to make a reader consider the point in a new, sometimes unexpected way.Example: Caesar’s speech from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar: Cowards die many times before their deaths. **
 * Parallelism- JaninaDefinition: When the writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length.Effect: It adds a dramatic flare to a dialogue or the description of something. It’s a rhetorical device.Example1:Shakespeare’s Richard II: I'll give my jewels for a set of beads,My gorgeous palace for a hermitage,My gay apparel for an almsman's gown,My figured goblets for a dish of wood . . . .Example2:"She revels in""sweet chocolate eclairs," [Adjective--Adjective--Object]"long moonlit walks," [Adjective--Adjective--Object]"and classic jazz music." [Adjective--Adjective--Object] **
 * Parody- JaninaDefinition: A humorous, satirical, or burlesque imitation of a person, event, or serious work of literature, and makes a mockery of real-life topics.Example 1: Family guy (t.v series)Example 2: “The Nun’s Priest’s Tale” from Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesEffect: Uses satire and irony to prove a point. **

**Pathetic fallacy - Akshay**
 * Pathetic Fallacy is giving weather human characteristics aka personification of weather
 * Example 1: Jane Eyre: Nature must be gladsome
 * Effect: Helps create a mood and set the tone of the story

**Pathos - Abie** Definition: In literature either a scene or passage that is designed to evoke feelings of sympathy, pity, or compassion towards characters.

Example: When Oedipus gouges his eyes out with his mothers hair pins we, as the audience, feel sorry for him. Also in Oedipus when the audience discovers he has married his mother and killed his father we feel disgust at first but the pity him for having such a terrible, un avoidable fate bestowed upon him. Romeo and Juliet is also another big example when the audience learns the two lovers cannot be together all because of a family feud. There are many examples of Pathos found in Greek drama plays and Greek Tragedies. Anything connected with tragedy is usually also connected with Pathos.

Effect: Pathos creates an opportunity with either the reader or the audience to personally connect with the characters in either a book or a play. This is especially important in tragedy when the writer is aiming for the audience to feel sorry for the characters in order for them to gain a better understanding of the play itself.

**Plot (refer to Freitag's triangle) - Anna** Definition = order of events in a narrative. It can be passive, omnisciently commented on, or active depending on the type of story. __Freitag’s Triangle__ 1. Exposition: beginning action which reveals the setting, characters, what is happening, and previous significant events · Ex. 1 (pdf): In __Romeo and Juliet__, we learn that the play is taking place in Italy where the Montagues and Capulets have been feuding. The major characters are introduced. · Ex. 2: In __Oedipus Rex__, the setting Thebes and Oedipus are introduced, as well as the plague, which has taken hold of the city and its citizens.

2. Initial Incident/ Inciting Action: first action related to the central conflict · Ex. 1 (pdf): In __Little Red Riding Hood__, the girl meets the wolf. · Ex.2 : In __Oedipus Rex__, Oedipus has sent Creon to the Oracle, and he returns bringing the news that the murderer of Laius has to be found.

3. 3. Rising Action: series of conflicts that build up to the climax · Ex.1 (pdf): In __Romeo and Juliet__ the two meet, fall in love, and are married. · Ex.2: In __Oedipus Rex__, Oedipus swears to find the cause of the plague, searches and investigates, finds out the truth.

4. 4. Crisis/ Complication: the turning point in the plot which has a great impact on the protagonist
· Ex.1: In __Oedipus Rex__, the messenger from Corinth arrives, revealing that Polybus is a) dead and b) not Oedipus’s real father.

5. 5. Climax: most intense scene of the plot · Ex.1 (pdf): In __Little Red Riding Hood__, the wolf leaps out of bed, ready to eat her. · Ex.2: In __Oedipus Rex__, this is the part where the herdsmen and messengers tell their stories.

6. 6. Falling Action: part of the plot where a decision was made after the climax and leads to the resolution · Ex.1 (pdf): In __Little Red Riding Hood__, the woodcutter hears the girl’s scream and bursts into the kitchen to save her. · Ex. 2: In __Oedipus Rex__, Oedipus realizes that he killed his father and married his mother.

7. Resolution or Denouement: point in the plot (towards the end) where the problem is solved · Ex. 1 (pdf): In __The Little Red Riding Hood__, the wolf is killed and the Grandma is found in the closet (or in the wolf’s belly, if you read the original) · Ex. 2: In __Oedipus Rex__, this is the scene of suffering wit Oedipus, Creon and his children.

8. Crisis/ Turning Point: moment of conflict in which a character is forced to make a decision which will directly affect the outcome of the story · Ex 1 (pdf): In __Romeo and Juliet__, Juliet decides to take the potion, which causes Romeo to think she is dead and kill himself. · Ex 2: In __A Doll’s House__, Nora decides to change into her day-clothes and confront Torvald.

9. Conclusion: end of the story · Ex. 1 (pdf): __Little Red Riding Hood__ ends happily with the girl and her grandmother, while __Romeo and Juliet__ ends sadly with the two lovers dead. · Ex. 2: In __A Doll’s House,__ the play ends with Nora leaving the house and her family behind__.__

**Satire - Abie**

Definition: When the author ridicules something with his/her writing. Supposedly to make the reader see the negativity of the subject being satirised as well as shaming it into improvement whether it be society or people. NB: A common feature of Satire is sarcasm or strong irony.

There are 2 types of satire:

1. Horatian: When something is playfully criticised usually using humour and mild sarcasm

2. Juvenile: The opposite. Satirises something through savage ridicule and scorn. The subject is not taken lightly and obviously the author has very strong opinions on the subject. This type of Satire is usually used with the way a government runs a society or even a person well known in a "bad" or "non-working-well" society. If you know what i mean.

Example: The essay Vindication that we just read a bit of in class satirises society by criticising the way that society has forced women to not respect themselves enough to get themselves educated and up to the standards of men. The writer does this through sarcasm as we pointed out while annotating.

<span style="display: block; font-family: sans-serif,helvetica,sans-serif;">In the 20th century, satire was used by authors such as Aldous Huxley and George Orwell <span style="display: block; font-family: sans-serif,helvetica,sans-serif;">(Animal Farm) to make serious statements about the dangers of social changes in societies in Europe (Russian---under Stalin) and the United States.

Catch 22 by Joseph Heler

<span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">is also another good example as being one of the best works in the 20th century :) . It satirises the military and bureaucracy. <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">If any of you have read anything by Sinclair Lewis

<span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">...these books often satirise the contemporary and new American Values. I know one called It can't happen here that i know uses satire for sure because i read it but others such as Main Street and Babbitt apparently do the same thing. In It Can't Happen Here there is this newspaper man (i forget his name) and he has a struggle against the US president who is the leader of the fascist government regime. The group of people that don't support the president start an underground paper propaganda agency type thing that basically publishes stories about how bad the government is and how the state abuses its power. The news paper guy gets put in a "reform" camp and eventually escapes to canada to join the resistance. Any way in the end the Presidents power starts to weaken and a coup happens and gets him out of power...you get the drift. It a good book :) Fascist regime on American people is the point of Satire really i think.

<span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Even in movies satire is used: The Great Dictator directed by Charlie Chaplin is a Satire or Adolf Hitler that goes along with satirising German society and government of that time as well. (this goes well with Animal Farm and Stalin+Russian Society and Gov't) AND <span style="background-color: #ffff00; display: block; font-family: sans-serif,helvetica,sans-serif;">Dr. Strangelove satirises the cold war and i'm sure all of you have at least heard of this movie if not watched it :)

<span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Satire is also seen a lot in cartoons and caricatures, if you are in IB history we see a lot of these in Paper 1 of political figures such as Hitler, Stalin, Franco, Mussolini, Mao. <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Oh Saturday night live is also satirical but more Horatian of course because it is fake news. and in Family Guy the TV shows that Peter watches that make fun of all the movie stars, and in South Park the episode all about Britney Spears is satirising or "making fun" of her and South Park does a lot actually.

<span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">** Effect: Satire really uses whit as a weapon** usually (unless your referring to family guy or south park in which case..no) but in literature mainly, satire is used to pin point a significant political/social issue and shame it in order to improve it. Instead of stating that Russian Society is controlling and giving the people no freedom George Orwell turns the people into animals on a farm that are controlled entirely by the way that the farm is run and if the farmer wants to send a horse to the glue factory he can, and no one will fight him in order to stop it. In Lewis Sinclair's writing he applied a fascist government to American people who are re-nound for being free and democratic just to make the point that the new changes in society were not good ones. Satire is important in order to give the readers something to think about, instead of just stating the problem right in their faces..it is smart and witty. Also it sometimes adds humour to writing and that is never a bad thing.

**Setting - Ashley Loh**

**Symbol - Ashley Loh**

**Stream of Consciousness - Ragna﻿**
 * Definition: Stream of consciousness refers to the to the stream of thoughts in a characters head within a work of literature. It allows readers to hear the personal thoughts of the character, and creates the impression that the reader is eavesdropping, and allows them insight into personal feelings, thoughts, and emotions. **


 * Importance: The importance of this literary device, as mentioned in the definition, is to allow insight into a specific characters thoughts (usually the narrator and/or protagonists) feelings, and personal emotions. It allows the reader to have a better understanding of the character. **


 * Examples: **
 * I called from my pay phone. She was at work.**
 * “Why” I said when she answered.**
 * “Chick?”**
 * “Why?” I repeated, I’d had three days to lather up my anger and that was all that came out. One word “Why”..?**
 * “….Did you go with someone?”**
 * “Oh, Chick….I’m at work, OK?”**
 * At that moment I felt lonelier than I’d ever felt before…**
 * à __For One More Day__ by Mitch Albom**

**Suspense - Ragna** ** Definition: ﻿﻿ Suspense is the feeling of anxiety and nervousness about events which are about to take place. Usually used in novels or works of litereature that include mystery, or thrill, however an also be used in others such as love, or comedy. In literature it is important to include suspense because it allows readers to be captivated and engaged in the piece of literature. **
 * The bolded words are part of his stream of consciousness because they are only “heard” by the reader.**


 * Importance: The importance of suspense is to keep the audience or reader engaged and “on their feet”. The thrill of suspense and mystery is something which intrigues readers to continue the story. **

**Symbol - Ragna** ** Definition : ﻿﻿Something that represents another thing by association, resembles, or meaning. Often used in literature to disguise an obvious meaning, or represent something invisible.** ** Importance : The importance of the use of symbols in literature is to create a d eeper meaning to a story. “An author may repeatedly use the same object to convey deeper meaning or may use variations of the same object to create an overarching mood or feeling. Symbolism is often used to support a literary theme in a subtle manner.” ** **Mork, Rachel. "What Is Symbolism In Literature? - Life123."** **Examples:** The Green Light The Valley of Ashes The Eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg
 * Examples: **
 * A scene which we have all recently read in English class, but is slightly too long to type, is in all of Act III in A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen, the use of dramatic irony, and the letter from Krogstad build tension (and suspense) for the reader, and lure them to read/watch on to see what the final outcome will be.**
 * Articles And Answers About Life - Life123//. Web. 21 Aug. 2010. <http://www.life123.com/parenting/education/children-reading/what-is-symbolism-in-literature.shtml>.**
 * A book we read this year which had very important references, and symbols was The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzpatrick. Which included:**
 * (Gatsbys hopes, dreams. Money, American dream)**
 * (line between two towns, moral and social decay)**
 * (God)**

**Other common symbols in the world, and also literature are:**
 * Dove=peace**
 * Color White=purity, virgin**
 * [[image:http://static-p4.fotolia.com/jpg/00/00/75/53/110_F_755306_rCaxiaqD6CEcVNleOHA3ngvIBDbTrk.jpg width="110" height="101"]]=bathroom**

**Syntax - Charlotte** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Definition **<span style="font-family: Times,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">: the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a langauge ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Example 1 **<span style="font-family: Times,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">: ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Example 2: **<span style="font-family: Times,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> writing in an essay: "at the beginning of the poem, we can see that ..." ** **<span style="font-family: Times,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">"we can see that ... at the beginning of the poem" ** **<span style="font-family: Times,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">these different syntaxes, although not creating different effects, are an interesting change. Using different ways of writing sentences lik this in essays can make it that much more interesting (less boring/repetitive) to read. ** **Theme - Charlotte** Definition
 * an idea that recurs in or pervades a work of art or literature.

Example 1 Example 2
 * a theme in the Great Gatsby was the American Dream. Most of the characters in the novel had some kind of relationship to this theme, and it was constantly present throughout the novel.

**Tone - Akshay (please include a well organised list of tone words)** Definition How the author feels about his book, as expressed in it **Example: Mark Twain rights Tom Sawyer in a playful tone**
 * List of Tone words**
 * Wistful Flippant Gloomy Wry**
 * Hopeful Scornful Earnest Disdainful**
 * Laudatory Optimistic Indifferent Serious**
 * Smug Didactic Somber Teasing**
 * Pedantic Informal Comic Intimate**
 * Sympathetic Contemplative Confident Effusive**
 * Restrained Poignant Detached Patronizing**
 * Scholarly Factual Sarcastic Melancholic**
 * Amused Indignant Enthusiastic Elegiac**
 * Sincere Regretful Ironic Colloquial**
 * Somnolent Hearted Playful Light**
 * Irreverent Facetious Condescending**

**Wit - Akshay** Definition: A humorous remark that demonstrates perception Example: Mark Twain was known for his wit in several books including Huck Finn. "History repeats itself. historians repeat one another" Effect: brings audience attention to particular part of novel