Macbeth+2A

Literary Term Focus by Happy-Terrence: __Definition:__The personification of weather __Effect:__ In this first scene, the weather creates this setting that is outside of the human realm. In other words, it gives the impression that the three witches are in a forest that is outside social rules. This also shows the era of the play, since it may be hinting that paganism was still around.
 * __Act One, Scene One Analysis By Happy-Terrence (*These Notes are graciously given by Mrs.Kemsley as a guideline to all future analysis, so please do not delete the following pdf document)__**
 * 1. Pathetic Fallacy**

__Definition:__ Basically the words at the end of a consecutive line at the end of the stanza. __Effect:__ In this first scene, the end rhyme makes the witches sound like they are chanting an incantation. Usually when characters speak at the same time and when rhyme occurs, you know that something is seriously messed up. So yea, the witches are messed up.
 * 2. End Rhyme:**

__Definition:__ Statement that is self-contradictory but it is also true. __Effect:__ At the end of the first scene, the paradox "fair is foul, and foul is fair" quickly captures the attention of the reader because the reader will consider this phrase that is included, for every line has its own purpose. By the way, this is an alliteratrical paradox (*I'm not even sure of this term...), but i will only analyze the paradox. In the grand scheme of things, this paradox is saying that 'anything can happen' in the play. But it also means many other things such as 'everything that is fair to humans if foul to witches and vice versa.' It can also be interpreted as a comparison between Lady Macbeth's outside and inner self, Macbeth vs. Lady Macbeth, and appearance vs. reality.
 * 3. Paradox:**

Act 1 Scene 3 (Carlos)

Act 1, Scene 3 is a crucial part in William Shakespeare’s __Macbeth.__ It is our first encounter with Macbeth and therefore our first example of direct characterization. The scene opens with a crack of ‘thunder’ indicating that we are about to re-encounter the witches. We immediately notice that the witches speak in verse. This regular meter and rhyme gives a ritualistic or chanting feel to their manner of speech, indicating that their mere words intend to cast horrid spells on those whom they talk about. The witches begin by recalling the events of the day, Witch 2 states that she had been “killing swine” and Witch 1 narrates her vengeful plan, which she will use in order to punish a woman for refusing to share her ‘chestnuts’. Within this plan we see a contemporary reference. Witch 1 states that she will torment ‘the Tiger’, (where the selfish woman’s husband is on board), and force it to be lost at see for ‘sev’n-nights nine time nine (567 nights). This acts as an allusion to the 17th century ship ‘Tiger’, which was lost at sea for 567 days. The mention of this event would cause the audience to wonder whether or not that was the real reason why the ship had been lost so long, since the belief of witches was highly common during the 17th century. In addition, the witch mentions that she will torture the sailor by eliminating his ability to sleep, “Sleep shall neither night nor day/ Hang upon his penthouse lid”. This highlights the theme of sleeplessness, which will be emphasized further into the play, when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth attempt to deal with Duncan’s murder. Furthermore, the witches speak through a language of contradiction, “Lesser than Macbeth, and greater”, “Not so happy, yet much happier” (Act 1 Scene 3), Fair is foul and foul is fair” (Act 1, Scene 1). This manner of speech adds to the plays sense of moral confusion. Macbeth echoes the witches words in his first line, “So foul and fair a day I have not seen”, which immediately establishes a connection between himself and the witches, suggesting that he will be the focus of the play’s moral confusion. Macbeth and Banquo’s reaction to the witches establishes a juxtaposition between the two characters. Banquo’s comic remark, “Upon her skinny lips: you should be women/ And yet your beards forbid me to interpret/ That you are so” contrasts Macbeth’s immediate response, “Speak, if you can: - what are you?” The reactions demonstrate a key aspect in each of the characters. Macbeth’s seriousness with the witches appearance suggest that he is troubled inside and is therefore more prone to manipulation; this foreshadows a drastic change in his character that will occur later in the play. Banquo’s calm and passive demeanor indicates that he is a generally happy individual and therefore foreshadows his role as a consistent character. Macbeth’s reaction to the prophecy displays a fundamental confusion; he begins to contemplate murder. However, his use of euphemisms for murder, “horrible imaginings”, suggests that he is not ready to admit the desire to himself yet. Therefore he is still in the early stages of his drift to evil.

Act 1 Scene 4 (Anika) Literary Terms Setting Characters: Action Style Themes General
 * metaphor; figurative language; comparing two things without using like or as
 * function; plant metaphor - shows order throughout society; shows cycle of tragedy as we know macbeth destroys order and then it is restored
 * imagery; language appealing to the senses (tactile, gustatory, olfactory, aural)
 * function; re-implies theme of looking like one thing, but in fact are something else.
 * soliloquy; the act of speaking ones thoughts out loud.
 * dramatic irony; when audience knows something that the main character doesn't know
 * function; line 55-60 where Macbeth realizes he has to overcome obstacles like Malcolm being heir to the Kings throne,however the audience already knows what will happen.
 * Or when Duncan is praising Macbeth and Banquo for being loyal, however we know that Macbeth is planning to do evil deeds, and not be "loyal" to society or the King.
 * Flourish:fanfare of trumpets
 * this creates a more organized sound; usually associated with royalty; government, order, controlled sounds. THerefore instills an orderly mood.
 * King (Duncan) --> He is genuinely sad that he must execute someone, sad that there was a traitor among them.
 * Lennox
 * Donalbain
 * Attendants
 * Malcolm --> announced as the next heir to the throne by his father, Duncan
 * Macbeth --> "shows" (pretend maybe) respect towards Duncan, gratitude, and treats him with the utmost honour
 * Banquo--> genuinely respects Duncan, believes that they (macbeth and banquo) owe Duncan alot for his dedication to helping them 'grow'
 * Ross
 * Angus
 * Duncan and Malcolm are mainly talking about the execution of the traitor (Thane of Cawdor) that should have been done.
 * Duncan praises Macbeth and Banquo for their services on the battlefield, however lets them know that Malcolm will be next in line to the throne
 * While Macbeth puts on a show of respect for Duncan, with an aside, he realizes that Malcolm is just another obstacle he must overcome in order to become King
 * Macbeth invites them both to the Banquet to stay at his castle
 * formal speech, we can see the sense of order throughout this scene with the language that is used toward the people of higher status
 * We can also see the kindness shown by Duncan, this shows that he is a good King, or at least that is how it looks like Shakespeare was trying to make it seem. For example in line 22, "Would thou hadst less deserved, that the proportion both of thanks and payment might have been mine! Only I have left to say, More is thy due than more than all can pay." Shows he is really grateful, even if he is of higher status, he doesn't show arrogance and greed and cruelty, or signs of tyranny.
 * When Duncan says a list in line 40, "Sons, Kinsmen, thanes, and you whose places are the nearest," this is almost a direct reminder to how Macbeth later on goes, when he is King, to list the people in society in terms of dog breeds when he is speaking to the Murderers. This is a clear comparison of a tyrant vs a good King.
 * If the eyes don't see what happened, then one can ignore the consequences. The idea of the dark, and how in the dark is when the evil comes, and the light is the good.
 * "Let not light see my black and deep desires. The eye wink at the hand, yet let that be which the eye fears, when it is done, to see."
 * The way that somebody looks is not the way in which they think or act. The deceiving state of appearances.
 * "like stars shall shine on all deservers" --stars look shiny and bright
 * "There's no art to find the mind's construction in the face." --how the mind is is not a reflection on the face
 * What is the function of the scene?
 * This scene develops the plot point; Duncan the King promises the heir to Malcolm however the audience knows better. Shows Macbeth's frustration, and he begins to really plant for his murder..
 * What is the meaning of the plant metaphor and the references to the stars and darkness?
 * plant metaphor means in line 31 is about Duncan growing plants; putting his time into Macbeth and Banquo. This shows the relationship between status in society. The orderly state that it is in; shows that the King is reasonable. The darkness represents evil and lack of order, while the stars mentioned in line 47 and 57 represent justice.

Scene 1 Act 2 - Andrea

Literary terms: • Juxtaposition Definition: The act of placing two different elements with each other in order to create a contrast between them. • Allusion Definition: a reference to a historical, religious or mythical person or event. • Similie/metaphor

General vocab: • Thane (Duke) • Valour (Strength, bravery) • Hail (Hello) • Fortune (positive and negative connotation) • Thy (Your)

Essential Questions:

How does 1.2 make us curious to meet MacBeth, and what is our first impression? -readers find out information about MacBeth through direct narrative- he himnself is not present, but we hear about him from other characters -he is presented as a brave man and a capable & superior warrior

Themes: Apperarences vs reality • Lady MacBeth is beautiful, fair- but inside, she is hiding something terrible, dark and ugly.

• MacBerth appears brave, but actually isn’t. His wife is more risky and brave (since she wants to kill Duncan)- irony! Traitor vs. Loyalty: • MacBeth is loyal right now, whereas Thane of Cawdor and McDonowald are traitors. Later on, however, MacBeth is going to be the traitor since he kills Duncan

-The Captain llustrates war when explaining bravery, with vivid imagey: -swimmers fighting for victory: “ Doubtful it stood, as two spent swimmers that do cling together and choke their art”. Metaphor for the two sides of the battle: the two sides are close together and the battle (“it") is violent

MacBeth’s character described through direct narration: “worthy to be a rebel, for to that the multiplying villainies of nature do swarm upon him” p. 9 line 14 –description. The swarm refers to bees, symbolizing his evil character “And Furtune, on his damned quarrel smiling, showed like a rebel’s whore” p. 9 line 16- furtune is personified as a female. “his damned quarrel smiling”- the battle is on his side, he will win “Disdaining Fortune, with his brandished steel, which smokleed with bloody execution, like valor’s minion, carved out his passage till he faced the slave” p.9 line 19-“valor’s minion” implies his bravery personified- he is stronger than luck -"As sparrows eagles, or the hare the lion" p. 11, line 39- so little afraid one may compare them to lion's fright of sparrows - Several object are used to descibe his bravery and strength- Steel represents his sward, and the smoke which it produses works as imagery for the smoke that comes out of a dead man’s body. “slave” implies that MacBeth is inferior

Macbeth Act 1 Scene 5 (Brenda)

Literary Terms: prose, imperatives, euphemism **Prose**- spoken or written language without metrical structure and normally follows the rules of grammar -effect of Macbeth’s letter written in prose gives it the feel of a recap and summary, almost as if he were talking directly to her **Imperatives**- a mood that uses a commanding verb tense **Euphemism**- ** substituting offensive and impolite words with a more polite and agreeable term **

Setting: Macbeth’s castle (Inverness)

Character: **Lady Macbeth** -plotting -possibly more ambitious than her husband, strongly desires to become queen -fears her husband is not brave enough to complete the murder “Yet do I fear thy nature;/It is too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness” (lines 16-17) and “wouldst thou holily” (line 22) criticizes that Macbeth would try to kill the king in a saintly way -unable to refer to murder as well, uses a euphemism “To catch the nearest way” (line 18) -witch-like, wants to “pour [her] spirits in thine ear” (line 29) referring to how she would advises Macbeth and encourage him to kill the king -wants to become masculine and shed her femininity and nurturing as she calls for the dark spirits to “unsex” her and “take [her] milk for gall” to symbolize that murder is a man’s job and her ability to nurture would get in the way of her committing the crime -like Macbeth, wants to be queen without having the experience guilt, as she calls for “no compunctious visitings of nature” and that her “keen knife see not the wound it makes” where she wants to kill but doesn’t want to see it -has affection for her husband as he returns from battle -manipulative, uses her words in order to get her way and tell her husband to “look like th’ innocent flower” and allow her to plan everything (line 76) -dominant- does all the planning, orders her husband about how he should act **Messenger** -minor character, merely brings news of the king’s arrival -Lady Macbeth refers to him as a raven (line 45) **Macbeth** -affectionate “My dearest love” (line 67) -feels he has a sense of control “We will speak further” (line 83)

Action: - Lady Macbeth reads the letter and learns about the witches prophesies -she immediately begins plotting and characterizes her ambition to be queen -exposes her cold-heartedness as she desires to be rid of her femininity and calls upon evil spirits to empower her to kill -messenger informs her of Duncan’s arrival (arrives before Macbeth and she displays her surprise “Thou’rt mad to say it” in line 36) -Lady Macbeth continues to plot after the messenger leaves until Macbeth returns -after greeting him, Lady Macbeth encourages Macbeth to act normal on the outside and assures him of her ability to plan all it

Style: - prose continues through Lady Macbeth’s soliloquy but the scene ends with rhyming couplets “Which shall to all our nights and days to come/Give solely sovereign -Use of euphemism indicates Lady Macbeth’s reluctance to acknowledge the evil deed -Uses metonymy for the crown, “golden round” -Uses contradictory imagery such as the serpent and flowers as well as calls the messenger a raven

Themes: deception- “to beguile the time” in order to deceive those around them Guilt- both want to kill but fear seeing it Masculinity- Lady Macbeth does not want her femininity to hinder her from killing and accuses Macbeth of not having enough masculinity in order to kill

General: For the purposes of the play as a whole, why does Shakespeare present Lady Macbeth as the dominant partner in the marriage, particularly in relation to be the murder of Duncan? Shakespeare presents Lady Macbeth as the dominant partner to fully emphasize the quote “fair is foul and foul is fair”, where appearances are indeed deceiving. Lady Macbeth is described as a beautiful woman, the definition of what would be fair at the time and yet, inside, she is foul, conniving, and calculating, calling upon evil spirits to empower her to kill Duncan. By giving her dominance over Macbeth in this, her evil is further emphasized and makes the deed seem more horrific as it is a woman’s idea. Furthermore, this provides insight into how Macbeth is easily controlled by outside forces, whether it is the witches’ prophecy or his wife.

Vocabulary: - Ignorant: unaware of the future - Instant: present moment - Beguile the time: decieve those around us - Dispatch: management (secondary meaning: putting to death) - Solely Soverreign: absolute - Sway: power - Favor: expression - Fear: frighten
 * Act 1 Scene 6 (Connie)**

Literary terms: - Irony: The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning

Setting: Hautboys and Torches - The hautboys indicate a majestic entrance in which sets up the atmosphere for the arrival of King Duncan. It also indicates the significance and power of King Duncan. - The torches indicate the time in which the scene takes place. It is at night since fire (light) is needed.

Context: King Duncan and his people have come to Macbeth's home to celebrate Macbeth and Banquo's return and Lady Macbeth welcomes them.

Main characters: King Duncan and Lady Macbeth

Theme: Deception and appearance - Lady Macbeth is seemingly polite and respectful towards Duncan, but in reality, she has evil intentions to kill Duncan in order to be queen.

Essential questions: What is the significance of the language referring to the hosts and guests? - Both Duncan and Lady Macbeth are extremely polite towards each other, addressing each other as "honored hostess" or "guests" - The reference to a host and guest sets the distinction between Duncan and Lady Macbeth - Lady Macbeth being the hostess of a gathering in her house, seems like she has power/ control - While Duncan is a guest, seems to respect and follow Lady Macbeth - However, Lady Macbeth's respect in insincere and fake, while Duncan's is honest and real.

What kind of man does Duncan seem, and why is this poignant? - Duncan seems to be an extremely modest and noble man. Unlike Lady Macbeth, his respect for Macbeth and his wife is honest and real. - This is poignant because Duncan gives respect to them from his heart, and does not know that behind Lady Macbeth's polite front, lies evil intentions to kill him.

Why might this scene be described as rich in irony? - it is ironic because Lady Macbeth is fake!! - Lady Macbeth seems to honor and respect King Duncan a great deal but truth is, she is planning to murder him - As a hostess, this is ironic because she is supposed to serve Duncan and treat him the best she can, but instead, she wants to kill him - Also, Duncan's sincerity and honest respect is juxtaposed with Lady Macbeth's untruthful and deceptive welcoming. This sets up the irony in which Duncan, the 'good guy', gets killed, while Lady macbeth, the 'bad guy', lives.

TIPS!- thanks Ms. Kemsley- :) How to stucture an Oral Commentary:

Context- scene, act- before and after Literal meaning- where who what Language Themes Characters Conclusion: significance to the play

Aileen Act 2 Scene 3 Scene is written in prose: Porter: Brings Comic relief Shakespeare incorporated comic relief to interrupt the tension from the previous scene. In the previous scene Macbeth and Lady Macbeth go through with their plan of murdering Duncan. Since tension cannot be sustained the entire time he incorporates a dip in tension to delay the finding of the murder.

Porter's lines (1 -21) Thematic: damnation ( Beezlebub)

Note from Joel- Porter acts like Macbeth's gatekeeper. For example it is ironic- The Porter compares the castle to hell vs. the castle of heaven. The castle is now " hell" because of the murder that has taken place.

Elizabethans: believed everything was connected. death- would create a storm ( pathetic fallacy) They literally believed that if you killed someone it would affect the natural world. "Crime was against god"- Macduff(76)

Ironic " Repetition in a woman's ear would murder as it fell." ( 95) Lady Macbeth played a key role in the Murder. She was not as affected as Macbeth.

Offstage: Macbeth murders guards while Macduff, Banquo, and Lady Macbeth talk.

130- 136 Macbeth informs the men that the reason he had to kill the guards was out of loyalty. He was so angry that he had to kill them. Thus, it prevented anyone from questioning them.

Lady Macbeth is shocked to discover that Macbeth has done something on his own. " help me hence ho" ( 138) Does Lady Macbeth faint on purpose, or is she so shocked to realize that Macbeth has done something on his own? This scene was implemented for 1 structural reason -relieve tension 2 practical reasons - Macbeth kills guards offstage -The scene transition: contains both contemporary and historical relevance.

Plot:
=== Lennox is talking to an unnamed lord (cautios about who he talks to and what he says) about what he thinks of MachBeth’s rule. Mentions kids of Duncan and how they flee. Is doubting that the children killed their father. The start of people against MachDuff, who has been loyal to MachBeth sofar, is starting to rebell against him- including the people. MachBeth established as a tyrant- states by Lord AND Lennox ===

- Climax of the entire play: marks the end of the social, natural, and mental order - The three aspects of disrupted order: o Social order is disturbed during the banquet itself. In the end, the attendants did not listen to Macbeth or Lady Macbeth to stay, and left the banquet o Natural order is disturbed when Banquo’s body seem to return in the scene o Mental order is disturbed by the degeneration of Macbeth’s conscious mind. Although Macbeth seems to come back to his senses at the end of the scene (begins talking in rhyming couplets. Shakespeare uses rhyming couplets so to indicate a consistency and calmness withint Macbeth.) he actually never really gains back his conscious mind afterwards - A banquet for Macbeth’s coronation is prepared. All but Banquo and Malcolm attend the banquet. - This scene follows the killing of Banquo. One of the murderers that Macbeth has sent to kill Banquo returns to inform Macbeth that Banquo is killed, but his son Fleance fled.
 * Act 3 Scene 4 (Connie)**
 * Setting**

- __Macbeth:__ Macbeth is first enters the scene with a sense of authority and control, however, after hearing of Banquo’s death and the escape of Fleance, Macbeth begins to become delusional and lose his mind, and therefore control and power __- Lady Macbeth:__ Lady Macbeth has remained a relatively consistent character throughout the play. When Macbeth goes mad in this scene, she still presents herself as a character that remains calm and undisturbed. She manages to control the situation momentarily and covers up for Macbeth’s strange behaviour. - __Lennox, Ross, and other attendants:__ These characters although are not of significant influence, they set the pace of the scene. When Macbeth begins to rage, the get up their seats, and sit back down when ‘ordered’ by Lady Macbeth. The repetition of movement creates an increase in tension in the atmosphere since the pace is picked up. Also, the breakdown of social order is shown through the physical and verbal patterns created by the attendants
 * Characters**

- - It is not directly stated that Macbeth sees Banquo’s ghost, but the audiences pick up on the hint when Macbeth states “The table is full” (line 54) - Depending on the way the director chooses to act out this scene, the audience may or may not see Banquo’s ghost. The line “Here, my good lord. What is’ t that moves your Highness?” (line 57) in which Lennox speaks to Macbeth, indicates Macbeth has reacted towards the sight of Banquo’s ghost - Lady Macbeth uses the same tactics to calm Macbeth down and make him wake up from what he is thinking and doing. She strips away his masculinity and attacks his self confidence and image as a King. - Macbeth would be convinced by Lady Macbeth for awhile, but then hallucinate the existence of Banquo’s ghost. This occurs almost like a never ending series of tidal waves. It heightens the tension among the audience, then bring it back down, and then increase it again.
 * Action**

- Reference to blood appears multiple times. It is merely Macbeth’s imagination - “Blood has been shed ere now, I’ th’ olden time, Ere human staute purged the gentle weal;” (line 91) - “Thy bones are marrowless; thy blood is cold;” ( line 114) - “And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks” (Line 140) o this refers to the blood on Lady Macbeth’s face - “It will have blood, they say; blood will have blood.” (Line 151)
 * Imagery of blood**

- Macbeth never really mentions directly of the killing of Banquo, or the word “death” - Words such as “dispatched” or “safe” are used to replace Banquo’s death
 * Euphemisms**

Sleep - At the end of the scene, Lady Macbeth states that Macbeth is acting oddly because of his lack of sleep. o “You lack the season of all natures, sleep.” (173) - Once again, sleep appears as an extremely crucial element to the well being of Macbeth
 * Theme/ Motif**

- The moment in which Macbeth receives power, he loses it
 * Irony**

**Act 4 Scene 1 Paragraph- brendalee!**

In this opening scene of Act 4, the presence of the witches entails the use of verse, or writing that has a metrical rhythm, rhyme, and form. The witches’ chant breaks from trochaic tetrameter, with Shakespeare using only seven syllables as opposed to eight through lines 1-9. The use of end rhyme categorizes the witches’ dialogue as rhyming verse and remains consistent throughout their potion making. However, the effect of starting and ending on a stressed syllable in this seven syllable pattern not only emphasizes the incantatory nature of the witches’ speech, but powers it and thus speeds up the pace as well. In contrast to lines 10-11, the effect of ending on an unstressed syllable and holding true to trochaic tetrameter takes away the power and driving pace of the previous lines, though it still conforms to end rhyme. Later in the scene, Shakespeare implements iambic pentameter in lines 51-63—Macbeth’s speech. This different meter is less powerful as he begins with an unstressed syllable and ends on a stressed syllable, making the rhythm seem more disjointed and less incantatory. The use of blank verse in these lines further removes the feel of a chant and slows the pace of Macbeth’s speech, contrasting his power to the witches’ though he tries to use imperatives such as “answer me” in both lines 52 and 63. Concerning the contrast between prose and text, prior to Act 4, Scene 1, the only example of prose is the Porter’s speech from Act 2, Scene 3, which also holds true to the qualification of written language lacking the rhyme and meter of a verse but resembles ordinary speech. The Porter’s rambles provided humour for the audience and gave the audience a break from the sombre scene prior to it and also, for practicality purposes, gave time for actors to change for their upcoming scene. The effect of prose is that it is conversational and appealing to the audience, simultaneously providing insight into Macbeth’s castle as the porter feels like the gatekeeper of hell, indicating it is not a happy place to be.

Act 5 scene 5 part 2 Bex, Andrea, Ashley!

__Witchcraft__!
Elizabethan vs Jacobean
 * Time period
 * 1560 - 1603
 * Large number of people convicted as witches
 * 1562 Elizabethan Witchcraft Act
 * Queen Elizabeth I, execution of witches without torture
 * Considered to be lenient
 * Her mother, Anne Boleyn, was accused of witchcraft - under king Henry VIII.
 * Hysteria
 * Unexplainable events - bubonic plague / anti-religious
 * Women: particularly old, widowed, poor, unprotected, single (with pets!)
 * Believed to have diabolical powers, could see the future, fly, or allowed devil to suck their blood.
 * Claims advertised on pamphlets printed and handed out publicly
 * Superstition, misogyny, believe that it was against morality or God (church highly regarded)
 * Facts - Elizabethan
 * 270 witch trials, 247 of whom were women
 * Estimated: around 9 million witches killed in total
 * Facts - Jacobean
 * Berwick witch trails 1590,
 * King James I condemned approx 70 witches for attempting to sink his ship
 * Through torture received confessions
 * Witchcraft Act of 1563, made witchcraft a common felony
 * King James wrote a book about witchcraft detailing their activities and origins
 * Beliefs (Jacobean)
 * Pact with the devil, something gained in exchange for their souls (Macbeth states that he will trade his soul for knowledge)
 * Mass hysteria (many people lived in fear of being tried) King J's book fueled public superstitions and caused a frenzy.
 * Connections to Mickey B!
 * Quotes act 1 s 1 l. 11-12, act 1 scene 3 l. 1-6
 * Flattering King James
 * They are presented as evil, against God "cannot say amen", lennox speaking about storms, unexplained events (death of Duncan) etc.


 * Macbeth, in sudden reply to a group of women's shrieks, finds himself unable to relate to the horror and fear he hears in the noise. Through his imagery of food, "the taste of fears" (l.11), and "I have supped full of horrors" (l.15), imply that he has consumed and been nurtured by all that he has seen and done, fed until it has contributed, as food would, to his being, and the deterioration of his humanity. Certain phrases, "dismal treatise", "night-shriek", the word "cooled" and "she should have died hereafter", all contribute to a fuller image of his character. Dismal treatise - translated directly into sad story - calls to an audience's attention that he is a spectator in the tragedy of his own life, that he has been numbed to its outcome. His person is completely desensitized, "cooled", juxtaposing his early fiery and bold behavior with this detached word. "Night shriek" references his first regretted action, Duncan's late night murder. Finally, "she should have died hereafter" is ambiguous, leaving open the possibilities that he either cannot feel sorrow over his wife's death due to his anesthetized emotions, or because he empathizes with her inability to keep living, truly believing her early death to be appropriate and the proper end of her.